Forming amide bonds

The carboxylic acid needs to be activated by certain carbodiimide such as EDC. More often than not, NHS is added to form semi-stable reactive intermediate.
A typic recipe is as follows:
PBS buffer solution, containing 0.2 M EDC and 0.05 M NHS.

References:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbodiimide
2. http://www.piercenet.com/Objects/View.cfm?type=ProductFamily&ID=02030312

Chemical terms

carbonyl: C=O
carboxyl: COOH
carboxylic acid: COOH
amide(pronunciation i:): O=C-NR(R')
amine(pronunciation i:): NRR'R''
ammonia: NH3

imide: O=C-N-C=O
carbodiimide: N=C=N
amino acid: R-N-C-COOH

Stream Desktop with VLC

On the server computer, lauch VLC. Go to Media->streaming.
Go to Capture tag, select Desktop for Capture mode; pick up a right number for the frame rate.
Click Stream.
On the Stream Output page, check RTP, fill Address with the IP of the client computer.
In the Profile section, check MPEG-TS on Encapsulation tag; check video, select MPEG-4 ( or other codes, which have been installed on your computer) for Codec on Video codec tag; check Audio, select MP3 for Codec on Audio codec; click stream.

However, you cannot watch good video played on the desktop because the stream is produced in real time with compromised quality.

Stream Video with VLC

The procedure is the exactly same as MP3 except one point: in the Stream Output window, in the profile section, you need to select MPEG-TS.
If you can only hear the sound, try to select MPEG-4 from the Video Codec tag in the profile section.
Because of the big size of video files, wireless internet connection leads to choppy video and is thus not recommended. Use network cable.

Stream MP3 with VLC

1. Download VLC 0.9.8a from http://www.videolan.org/. It can be used as both a server and a client.

2. On the server computer, lauch VLC. Go to Media->streaming.

• Pick up a MP3 file. It can contain Chinese characters.
• On the Stream Output page, check RTP in the Outputs section; fill address with the IP of the client computer
• Click Stream button at the bottom right.

3. On the client computer, lauch VLC. Go to Media->Open Network; select RTP for Protocol, fill Address with the IP of the client computer; click Play at the bottom right.

Note: WMA files cannot be streamed in this way.

View or Disable Programs Running at Startup

"Windows Defender lets you view the list of programs running at Windows startup. You can also disable or permanently remove unneeded entries.
1. From Windows Defender, click the "Tools" button.
2. Select "Software Explorer".
3. Next to "Category" make sure "Startup Programs" is selected.
4. Windows Defender will now go through each startup program and try to verify that it is legitimate against a database of known programs.
5. To view details on a particular startup entry just click the entry. Information you may see will include:
* File Name* Display Name* Description* Publisher* Digitally Signed By* File Type* Startup Value* File Path* File Size* File Version* Date Installed* Startup Type* Location* Classification* Ships with Operating System
6. If you want to remove an entry from your startup list, consider disabling it first. This way you can easily re-enable it later if you find out the startup entry was useful.
To temporarily disable an entry, click the entry and then click the "Disable" button.
7. To remove an entry from the startup list, click the entry and then the "Remove" button."

Cannot open hard drive by double clicks

From TechTalkz.com by bakuryu:

"1. Run Task Manager and go to the Process Tab.

2. Stop wscript.exe process if available by highlighting the process name and clicking End Process.

3. Then terminate explorer.exe process.

4. In Task Manager, click on File -> New Task (Run…).

5. Type cmd and click OK.

6. Type the following command one by one :

del c:\autorun.* /f /s /q /a
del d:\autorun.* /f /s /q /a
del e:\autorun.* /f /s /q /a
del f:\autorun.* /f /s /q /a
del g:\autorun.* /f /s /q /a
del h:\autorun.* /f /s /q /a

7. Again in Task Manager, click on File -> New Task (Run…).

8. Type regedit into the Open text box and click OK.

9. Navigate to the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon
and check the value of this key : Userinit.
The correct value of this key will be :C:\WINDOWS\system32\userinit.exe,
assuming your Windows is installed on the C drive. If the value is incorrect correct it to value mentioned. Note the trailing comma is necessary.

10. Close registry editor and cmd. Then go to : Task Manager, click on File -> New Task (Run…), type in explorer. It will restart the explorer process. Now try opening your drives."

AVG 8 - Invalid Update Control CTF File

I'm using Windows Vista 64-bit, so the location of the *.ctf files is different from that mentioned by others.

1. Go to “C:\ProgramData\avg8\update\download” directory.
2. Deleted all *.ctf files.
3. Launch update.

Note: you've got to choose "show the hidden folders and files" to see this path.